Trends in IT Employment
Lily Hsueh looks at trends in IT employment in this Economic Letter from the San Francisco Fed:
Trends in Bay Area IT Employment, by Lily Hsueh, Economic Letter, FRBSF: ...
For the purposes of this analysis, IT will be divided into two broad components: manufacturing and services. The IT manufacturing component includes companies that make computers, communications equipment and their primary building blocks, semiconductors, and other advanced electronic machinery, as well as a variety of advanced measuring and testing equipment, such as photonics and electrometrical and aeronautical devices, along with consumer electronics (Daly and Valletta 2004). The IT services component includes internet service providers and computer programming, design, management services, and research and engineering services.
Figure 1 provides telling evidence on the evolution of IT employment trends in the Bay Area as well as on the region's long dominance as a leader in IT employment. The figure plots the share of the nation's IT employment from 1990 to 2006 for the five metropolitan areas cited among the nation's largest centers for IT employment by the American Electronics Association (2000).
This 16-year period covers the years leading up to a productivity surge that was largely driven by developments in IT, the dot-com boom, the recession in 2001-2002, which was largely led by a retrenchment in IT investment (marked by the second gray bar in the figure), and the subsequent recovery.
Although the Bay Area has seen a fall in its share of the nation's IT employment, it nonetheless has been the leader among metropolitan areas throughout this period of booms and busts in the industry, and remains so today. Shares also have shifted for the other top IT centers. For example, although Los Angeles has maintained its second-place ranking, its share of the nation's IT employment has fallen. The Boston area, too, has seen some erosion in its IT employment share, and, indeed, it has ceded its third-place ranking to Washington, D.C., where the share has risen. Seattle remains in the fifth-place position, with its share showing a steady upward movement...
Changing composition of IT employment
To understand why these shifts have occurred, it is useful to look at the changing composition of IT employment, which has been driven by the ongoing transformation of the IT sector. Since the inception of microprocessor manufacturing in Silicon Valley, the nucleus of the Bay Area IT center, the U.S. IT sector has been characterized by rapid advances in technology and the emergence of new products and applications.
What began as an industry associated with the development of faster microprocessors and the production of personal computers has increasingly become software-oriented, as the personal computer has evolved into a general-purpose machine to which new functions can be added simply by installing new programming (Economist 2006).
Likewise, the use of the internet and wireless communications has grown phenomenally. While the services component of IT has burgeoned, changes also have occurred in the manufacturing component. Globalization of the IT supply chain has shifted IT manufacturing production to new locations, often overseas, where labor is relatively inexpensive (Valletta 2003). These developments are reflected in the rising share of IT jobs in services compared to manufacturing in the U.S. and in the Bay Area.
Figure 2 shows a decomposition of the IT sector into manufacturing and services for the Bay Area and the nation as a whole. In 1995, nearly three-quarters of Bay Area IT jobs were in manufacturing, while, at the national level, IT manufacturing jobs constituted about half of total IT employment. By 2006 the Bay Area IT sector had become more balanced in its mix of manufacturing and service jobs, though it remained relatively more focused on manufacturing than the nation. Though not shown, the data reflect similar developments in the other IT centers. Los Angeles and Boston, which have been more oriented toward manufacturing, have seen a decline in the share of the nation's IT jobs, while Washington, D.C., and Seattle, which are more oriented toward the services component of IT, have seen their shares rise.
Despite the downshift in IT manufacturing jobs in the Bay Area, the erosion of its IT employment shares has been modest, in part because of the offsetting effect from faster-than-average growth in IT service jobs. Since the mid-1990s, IT service growth in the Bay Area has outpaced the U.S. average, while IT manufacturing jobs have fallen a bit faster than average.
The growth rate for IT jobs during key subperiods since the mid-1990s is shown in Figure 3. In the 1995-2000 period, the Bay Area saw exceptional growth in IT service jobs and above-average growth in IT manufacturing jobs. During the 2000-2004 period, the erosion of shares also largely reflected the difference in its job growth compared to the national average. In the most recent period, above-average gains in IT service jobs have offset a somewhat larger contraction in IT manufacturing jobs, working to stabilize the Bay Area's share of overall IT employment. Among IT services, the Bay Area's edge over the nation has been due in part to the exceptional recovery and growth in jobs at firms providing internet-related services, such as web search portals and data processing. ...
Conclusion
The Bay Area has retained its prominence as the leading IT center nationwide. While giving some ground in terms of IT employment share, the Bay Area still accounts for 1.5 times more IT jobs than the second-ranked Los Angeles area. The region's IT sector also has been shaped by the national trend in the growth of IT services. In fact, over the past several years, Bay Area IT service firms have added jobs at a faster pace than IT service firms in the nation as a whole. As a result, while the Bay Area today maintains its legacy in hardware development, the region has a more balanced mix of IT manufacturing and IT service jobs than in the mid-1990s. This transformation has been a key factor in the Bay Area's success in retaining most of its share of overall IT employment in the U.S. ...
Trends in Bay Area IT Employment, by Lily Hsueh, Economic Letter, FRBSF: ...
For the purposes of this analysis, IT will be divided into two broad components: manufacturing and services. The IT manufacturing component includes companies that make computers, communications equipment and their primary building blocks, semiconductors, and other advanced electronic machinery, as well as a variety of advanced measuring and testing equipment, such as photonics and electrometrical and aeronautical devices, along with consumer electronics (Daly and Valletta 2004). The IT services component includes internet service providers and computer programming, design, management services, and research and engineering services.
Figure 1 provides telling evidence on the evolution of IT employment trends in the Bay Area as well as on the region's long dominance as a leader in IT employment. The figure plots the share of the nation's IT employment from 1990 to 2006 for the five metropolitan areas cited among the nation's largest centers for IT employment by the American Electronics Association (2000).
This 16-year period covers the years leading up to a productivity surge that was largely driven by developments in IT, the dot-com boom, the recession in 2001-2002, which was largely led by a retrenchment in IT investment (marked by the second gray bar in the figure), and the subsequent recovery.
Although the Bay Area has seen a fall in its share of the nation's IT employment, it nonetheless has been the leader among metropolitan areas throughout this period of booms and busts in the industry, and remains so today. Shares also have shifted for the other top IT centers. For example, although Los Angeles has maintained its second-place ranking, its share of the nation's IT employment has fallen. The Boston area, too, has seen some erosion in its IT employment share, and, indeed, it has ceded its third-place ranking to Washington, D.C., where the share has risen. Seattle remains in the fifth-place position, with its share showing a steady upward movement...
Changing composition of IT employment
To understand why these shifts have occurred, it is useful to look at the changing composition of IT employment, which has been driven by the ongoing transformation of the IT sector. Since the inception of microprocessor manufacturing in Silicon Valley, the nucleus of the Bay Area IT center, the U.S. IT sector has been characterized by rapid advances in technology and the emergence of new products and applications.
What began as an industry associated with the development of faster microprocessors and the production of personal computers has increasingly become software-oriented, as the personal computer has evolved into a general-purpose machine to which new functions can be added simply by installing new programming (Economist 2006).
Likewise, the use of the internet and wireless communications has grown phenomenally. While the services component of IT has burgeoned, changes also have occurred in the manufacturing component. Globalization of the IT supply chain has shifted IT manufacturing production to new locations, often overseas, where labor is relatively inexpensive (Valletta 2003). These developments are reflected in the rising share of IT jobs in services compared to manufacturing in the U.S. and in the Bay Area.
Figure 2 shows a decomposition of the IT sector into manufacturing and services for the Bay Area and the nation as a whole. In 1995, nearly three-quarters of Bay Area IT jobs were in manufacturing, while, at the national level, IT manufacturing jobs constituted about half of total IT employment. By 2006 the Bay Area IT sector had become more balanced in its mix of manufacturing and service jobs, though it remained relatively more focused on manufacturing than the nation. Though not shown, the data reflect similar developments in the other IT centers. Los Angeles and Boston, which have been more oriented toward manufacturing, have seen a decline in the share of the nation's IT jobs, while Washington, D.C., and Seattle, which are more oriented toward the services component of IT, have seen their shares rise.
Despite the downshift in IT manufacturing jobs in the Bay Area, the erosion of its IT employment shares has been modest, in part because of the offsetting effect from faster-than-average growth in IT service jobs. Since the mid-1990s, IT service growth in the Bay Area has outpaced the U.S. average, while IT manufacturing jobs have fallen a bit faster than average.
The growth rate for IT jobs during key subperiods since the mid-1990s is shown in Figure 3. In the 1995-2000 period, the Bay Area saw exceptional growth in IT service jobs and above-average growth in IT manufacturing jobs. During the 2000-2004 period, the erosion of shares also largely reflected the difference in its job growth compared to the national average. In the most recent period, above-average gains in IT service jobs have offset a somewhat larger contraction in IT manufacturing jobs, working to stabilize the Bay Area's share of overall IT employment. Among IT services, the Bay Area's edge over the nation has been due in part to the exceptional recovery and growth in jobs at firms providing internet-related services, such as web search portals and data processing. ...
Conclusion
The Bay Area has retained its prominence as the leading IT center nationwide. While giving some ground in terms of IT employment share, the Bay Area still accounts for 1.5 times more IT jobs than the second-ranked Los Angeles area. The region's IT sector also has been shaped by the national trend in the growth of IT services. In fact, over the past several years, Bay Area IT service firms have added jobs at a faster pace than IT service firms in the nation as a whole. As a result, while the Bay Area today maintains its legacy in hardware development, the region has a more balanced mix of IT manufacturing and IT service jobs than in the mid-1990s. This transformation has been a key factor in the Bay Area's success in retaining most of its share of overall IT employment in the U.S. ...
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